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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



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Interior Assembly Hall. 



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PICTORIAL REFLEX 

OF 

Salt Lake City and Vicinity 

INCLUDING LETTER-PRESS DESCRIPTION AND ILLUSTRATIONS OF PUBLIC 
EDIFICES, HOTELS, BUSINESS BLOCKS, CHURCHES, INDIANS, 
BATHING RESORTS, ETC., AND A VARIETY OF INFOR- 
MATION, VALUABLE FOR THE TOURIST 
OR RESIDENT, FROM RELIABLE 
SOURCES. 




<4^ PUBLISHE D BY \£^^WASHV^ 

~1D C. R. SAVAGK, ART BAZA^XR, 
12 AND 14 Main Street, Salt Lake City, Utah. 

[•;Copyrighted by C. R. Savage. ] 

r. c- 



TO THE PUBlilC. 



1 

ij In issuing this brochure, I ask its acceptance by the traveling public, and by 

home friends, on the ground that all its contents are reliable, and that in a brief 
form it supplies information culled from the best authorities. It is believed that 
the truth regarding this unique city, Territory and people will be appreciated, 
and that the future development of Utah will be of increasing interest to every 
purchaser and reader of the Reflex — at least, such is the desire of 

Yours Respectfully, 

C. R. SAVAGE. 



DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



Pictorial Reflex of Salt Lake City 

AND VICINITY. 

Page l.-THE GREAT TEMPLE. 

Forty-one years have elapsed since, amid solemn acclaim and with august ceremony, the 
foundation and corner-stones of this all-important structure were laid by President Young and his 
compeers. Many who there officiated, including the inspired leader himself, have already joined 
the great majority. 

Meanwhile, the edifice itself has gone forward to that assured completion which was decreed, 
in the April Conference of 1892, with uplifted hands, that its dedication should take place on the 
sixth of April, 1893. 

This consummation required almost superhuman effort, but on the day determined, before the 
assembled Priesthood of the Church, after solemn service, its dedication to God was made by 
President Wilford Woodruff, according to precedents long established. Services were continued for 
over two weeks in order that some 50,000 persons from all parts of the Territory, Canada, Mexico, 
Arizona, Colorado, and "the islands of the sea," might attend the imposing ceremonials. 

The Temple stands upon the east side of what is known as the Temple Block — the very spot 



6 PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

designated by President Young on the day the pioneers arrived in the valley of the Great Salt 
Lake, July 24, 1847. 

The building itself is 186 feet long and 99 feet in width. The foundation is 10 feet thick, but 
the walls were drawn in from story to story until they only measure 5 feet at the square, 100 
feet above the basement. 

All the outer walls and towers are of white granite, quarried some twenty miles from the city. 
Most of this material came in later years by rail, but it began when ox-teams afforded the only 
method of transportation, involving enormous cost. 

Its architecture is symbolic throughout, and consequently unique. Three towers adorn either 
end, the centre ones being highest and the eastern three, higher than the western. The east centre 
one'is 220 feet high, surmounted by the angelic figure of " Moroni," I2>^ feet in height, made of 
hammered copper, gilded. The figure is a majestic one. He is represented as in the act of 
delivering his trumpet message of warning, yet of " Glad Tidings " to all the nations of the earth. 

The interior of the Temple is, of course, adapted to the Mormon view of its necessities and 
purposes. Some of its rooms are of astonishing grandeur and beauty, others less ornate are yet 
characteristically chaste and attractive. Hot water is used for heating, and electric lights for 
illumination. Sanitary appliances are perfect, and two elevators will meet the requirements of the 
initiated. Varied estimates have been made as to the cost of this grand house. Probably from four 
to five million dollars have been expended upon it. Much of this was, as is known, in kind, and 
part in labor, although latterly much cash has been donated for its appointments. The whole, 
however, has been voluntary, and being erected more for ceremonial than for general worship, it 
will, of course, be understood that none but members of the Mormou Church are permitted to 
invade its seclusion or to become familiar either with this, or with others noted further on in this 
connection. 

Page 2.-EXTERI0R AND INTERIOR OF THE MORMON TABERNACLE. 

The genius of the Mormon people for great gatherings, such as their annual and semi-annual 
Conferences, and the habit of bringing together for Sabbath services and sacrament, members of the 
faithful from the twenty-three wards (orginally twenty) of this city, doubtless led to the conception 



PICTORIAI, REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 7 

and erection of this vast auditorium (150x250 and 80 feet high) being the largest house for religious 
worship in the world, where hearing is an indispensable. 

Our view of the interior is taken from the east end of the surrounding gallery, and it gives a 
good i(.!ea as to its use and convenience for large congregations. For many years these Conferences 
assembled in a large bowery erected on the same block, but this not being suitable for wet weather, 
that great leader, President Brigham Young, determined upon an effort to accommodate the immense 
numbers who convened on such occasions. It is almost needless to say that this building was only 
ample for a little while, though its seating capacity is about 9000 (yet about 11,000 have been packed 
into it), and now overflow meetings are indispensable on special occasions. 

The construction of this building is unique, in that it is without a pillar support, the latticed 
truss work of the roof is ten feet from ceiling to shingles, and its mammoth arches rest upon forty-four 
stone piers, giving that semi-oval appearance which it presents. Between these saudstone piers there 
are twenty double doors, each nine feet wide, all opening outward. With these and the capacious 
stairways from the gallery, it is said that the largest congregation can find egress in less than five 
minutes. 

The facilities for ventilation come from two large windows in the roof and from glazed sash 
between the piers and above the doors, which ensure both light and circulation. For evening 
services, concerts, and entertainments, gas and electricity are used for lighting, and in cold weather 
its great spaces are made warm and comfortable by steam. 

The Great Organ is a remarkable feature of this world-famed building. Its dimensions are 30x33 
feet and it is 48 feet high. Its bellows are inflated by air from four large water motors, and its 
compass comprises 67 stops and includes 2648 pipes. The seats as seen in proximity thereto accom- 
modate an unpaid choir of 400, but for great choruses this is enlarged to nearly 1000 voices. 

This choir is under the direction of Prof. Evan Stephens, whose ability as a leader has been 
tested in all directions, musically, and his labor and studious efforts have been unremittingly 
seconded by the equally accomplished organist. Prof. Joseph J. Daynes. This grand body of 
singers had the distinguished honor of securing second prize in the Grand International Chorus 
Contest at the Columbian World's Exposition, for which contest, they had less than three months' 
notice. 

The main work of this combination is for the Sabbath services, where the singing is congrega- 
tional or solely by the choir, as may seem desirable. It may be noted, too, that nearly all the 



8 PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

musical exercises, consisting of hymns and anthems, are original, or composed by prominent 
musicians and poets of the Mormon Church. The instrument itself is mainly of Utah creation. 
Its construction was superintended by Mr. Joseph Ridges, and afterwards many valuable improve- 
ments were made by Messrs. Johnson and Taylor, so that to-day it is a rare musical treat to 
hear it played. 

The four rows of seats below the choir are occupied by dignitaries and officials holding different 
grades of Priesthood in the Mormon Church. The upper one is reserved for the first presidency of 
the Church, the second for the twelve apostles, the third for the presidency of the stake, his 
counselors, expected speakers and others, while the fourth and lowest is reserved for the lesser, or 
Aaronic Priesthood, and, until recently, for those who administered the sacrament, which occurred 
every Sabbath, and occupied about an hour. Water is used instead of wine in this ordinance. The 
sacrament is now administered only in the respective Ward Meeting Houses each Sunday evening. 
At present all the seats in the house are free, no collections are taken and services begin every 
Sunday at two p. m. No visitors to Salt Lake should fail to attend one of these services. It only 
occupies about an hour and a half, the one restriction being that those who do attend will remain 
until the close of the services. 

The first stone of this building was laid April 5th, 1865, and it was completed and dedicated 
October 6, 1S67. Since that time the grounds have been laid out with walks, trees and flowers, and in 
summer form quite an attraction. Some monster concerts have been given within its walls: Patti, 
Juch, and other noted singers have sung there, while the greatest of musical conductors, the late far- 
famed P. S. Gilmore, Theo. Thomas, and John Phillip Sousa have led therein, their satellites to 
increased appreciation and renown. 

The cost of the building was about 1300,000. 

Page 3 -WEST SIDE OF SALT LAKE CITY AND VALLEY. 

This view is taken from Prospect Hill near Anderson's Tower. In the foreground is seen City 
Creek, the principal water supply of Salt Lake City. A fine system of pipes and ditches distributes, 
for domestic and irrigating purposes, this clear mountain water. The great pressure in the mains, 170 
pounds to the square inch, is of great value in extinguishing fires. Were it not that the stream is 
slightly charged with lime, its water would be the best supplied to any city in the world. 



PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 9 

The Oquirrh or West Mountains, seen in the distance, divide Salt Lake from Tooele Valley. 
The well-known " Old Reliable " mining camp of Bingham Canon is about twenty miles distant, 
southwest, and is reached by the R. G. W. Ry. Gold and silver and lead, in immense quantities are 
annually produced by the different methods. The broad tract of land lying beyond the city is being 
rapidly reclaimed and brought under cultivation by means of canals, which have their sources in the 
River Jordan, the outlet of Utah Lake; the starting points being in the Narrows, at the south end of 
Salt Lake Valley. 

Further reference to this point of observation will be found in " Rambles Afoot," in the general 
items of information. Visitors will be well repaid by the views obtained and the many objects of 
interest that are plainly seen from this interesting spot. 

Page 4.-EAST SIDE OF SALT LAKE CITY AND VALLEY FROM THE TEMPLE. 

This scene embraces a near view of the central part of the city, showing Main Street and the 
Templeton Hotel, the great Mormon store and factory, and other important structures. Away in the 
distance, is the famed Wasatch range of mountains, whose highest peak is 11,500 feet high. Nearly 
all of the land between the city and the base of the mountains is dotted with homes and cultivated 
fields; in fact, there are but few spots unoccupied by settlers in the eastern half of the Valley. The 
streams, known as Emigration Creek, Parley's Creek, Mill Creek, Big Cottonwood Creek, and Little 
Cottonwood Creek, pour down their crystal waters in great abundance, to fructify and cover with 
herbage, the once desolate land that the industry of man has interlaced with tiny canals — a network 
of irrigating ditches traversing the entire surface of available ■ land, the results in many instances 
being wonderful as to quantity and quality of crops and fruits produced. 

Page 5.-TEMPLE BLOCK-ANNEX TO TEMPLE; ART WINDOW IN TEMPLE; ORGAN 
AS IT IS- AS DECORATED, AND TEMPLE DOOR. 

This view embraces many objects of peculiar interest to the stranger — the principal object being 
the Temple Block, as seen from the Templeton Hotel, embracing in one, the Temple, Tabernacle, and 



10 PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

Assembly Hall, with the distant view of Antelope Island in the Great Salt Lake. The grounds 
around the Temple are tastefully laid out; those in the immediate vicinity of the Tabernacle are 
already parked. 

The Annex is the entrance to the Temple, and here the ofl&ce of the Recorder of the Temple is 
found. It is his business to record the various items and persons connected with Temple work. 

The art window is curious from the fact that it is the only place inside the building photo- 
graphed after its completion. It represents the visit of the heavenly messengers to Joseph Smith, 
previous to the organization of the church. It is in one of the interior rooms and not visible from 
the outside. The organ, as a near view, is also introduced, showing its appearance when the building 
was once decorated for a grand celebration, and as it appears to-day. Full particulars concerning 
this wonderful instrument will be found in the article on the interior of the Tabernacle. The view 
of the door on the east end shows its solid and ornate appearance. It is plainly visible from the 
street gate. The materials used were brought from the Bast. 

Page 6. -LION AND BEE-HIVE HOUSES, ASSEMBLY HALL, INTERIOR OF ASSEM- 
BLY HALL, GRAVE OF BRIGHAM YOUNG. 

TIu Lion House and the Bee-hiie House are noted as having been the residences of President Brig- 
ham Young and his extensive family. The former was built 1853-4 and the latter some time after- 
ward. 

President Young exhibited his love for emblematic decoration by placing the lion couchant over 
the vestibule of the Lion House. This gave the name to the residence. It was modelled and cut in 
stone by an early Mormon, Mr. Wm. Ward, lately deceased. The bee-hive crowning the then pre- 
tentious edifice gave the title of the " Bee-hive House, " which it veritably was, for in and around it were 
the conveniences for a pioneer family and workmen in great numbers. 

Between the two residences mentioned can be seen the private offices of President Youug. He used 
to receive there his visitors and the associate officials of the Church. Many of the latter's portraits, 
with other souvenirs of Church history, decorate the walls. The Deseret Telegraph had its original 
quarters here. Through it, communication was had with presiding men all over the Territor}\ In- 



PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. II 

timations of danger from hostile Indians and other matters were thus quickly known. These offices 
and appointments are still used bj the present Church Authorities. 

The Assembly Hall (exterior and interior) is situated in the southwest corner of the Temple 
Block. This handsome edifice is 120x68 feet. It was built by Master Workman Henry Grow from 
designs by Mr. Obed Taylor. The central tower, 130 feet from the ground, sustains as a vane the 
suggestive figure of au angel, with the trumpet of warning. Its interior is somewhat on the plan of 
the adjoining Tabernacle, but it is used mainly for the Stake Priesthood and as an overflow- meeting 
house at the general Conferences. Some 2400 people can be comfortably seated in its cozj' interior, 
and when its fine organ and loo choristers occupy, at such times, the west end of the building it 
presents an attractive interior. Its decorations are reminders of Temple building and early incidents 
of Church history, and were the handiwork of the late William C. Morris. 

Passing under the Eagle Gate and turning to the right, up First Street, brings one to the grave 
of President Brigham Young, the great leader, pioneer, and prophet of the Mormon people. Thou- 
sands visit in appreciative mood, this sacred locality where all that was mortal of the great leader, 
who has been likened uuto Moses, waits the trump of the resurrection. 

History has not yet done justice to this mighty man. Even his own people, to whom his word 
was law and by whom his judgment was unquestioned, fail somewhat in this respect. They know 
that he led a persecuted people from barbarous Illinois, into the wilderness where there was quietude 
and peace; that he gave uncounted suggestions and set an example by inaugurating all the improve- 
ments during early days; that to his foresight and genius this city owes its grandeur and beauty; 
that his imprint was but the foreshadowing of its destiny as the great metropolis of this entire inter- 
mountain region; that villages, towns, cities, school-houses, churches, and temples sprang up at the 
bidding of his inspired power; that generations will continue to build upon the foundation he was 
privileged to lay; that his genius was far-reaching in all things pertaining to the upbuilding of the 
country, and that as the years roll by, the value of his work increases and the power of his genius 
stands out in bolder relief. The leading economic traits of his teachings were to keep out of debt, 
develop your own resources, sustain home enterprises, be producers and not consumers, and to the 
working man his advice was, to always have a year's supply ahead. 



12 PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITV. 

Page 7 -EAGLE GATE; GARDO HOUSE; DESERET NEWS OFFICE; BEE-HIVE HOUSE; 
ORIGINAL EAGLE GATE; LAST PORTRAIT TAKEN OF BRIGHAM YOUNG. 

The Eagle Gate, as it was called, is immediately east of the Bee-hive. It was the gateway leading 
into President Young's private grounds, and also into City Creek Caiion, which at that time was a 
toll road. The bird was carved in wood by Mr. Ralph Ramsey. To preserve it as an evidence of 
early budding art along with those already mentioned, it has been lately coppered. The original 
pedestals upon which its supports stood have also been rebuilt in a more artistic style, so that as a 
landmark and a memory it may now remain for many years to come. 

The Gardo House was erected by Brigham Young, who intended to use it wherein to receive his 
friends. He died soon after its erection, when it was used as a parsonage by his successor, John 
Taylor. Under the Confiscation Act of Congress, it passed into the hands of a receiver, and is now 
used as a branch of the Keeley Institute. One day this great Nation will make restitution, and 
return it to the people to whoni it belongs. 

The Office uf the Deseret News is introduced to show the building wherein the first paper was published 
west of the Missouri River, June 15, 1850. It started with 300 subscribers. The price was $2.50 for 
six months. It is the Church organ and the people's friend, the oldest and most trusted paper west 
of the Missouri River. Its daily, semi-weekly, and weekly editions find access everywhere into 
Mormon circles, where it is honored for its ability, honesty, fidelity and purity, such as befits and 
glorifies a truly family journal. 

The location corners on South and East Temple Streets in proximity to the Temple, and to the 
tithing ofiice and premises in the rear, now, however, in the hands of a receiver, as part of the great 
confiscation project, intended by legislation to cripple and divest of its power, the Mormon Church. 

It has always been understood that tithing was a tenet of faith among the Mormons. This being 
in kind, has been utilized by paying workmen upon the Temple and other public buildings, by 
ministering to the poor and needy of the Church, and to Indians whose hunting grounds are now 
occupied by this prosperous community. The premises are unique in their way and interesting to 
the inquiring tourist. 

The near view of the Bee-hive House gives a more accurate idea of the building than the 
L/ion House and Bee-hive combined picture. It was in this building that Brigham Young died. At 



PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 13 

present it is uot used as a residence, its internal arrangements having been changed since the great 
leader died. 

This portrait of President Brigham Young was taken by the writer in 1876, one year before his 
death, and on arising he said, "This is the last portrait you will ever take of me." Sad to relate 
hi% words were fulfilled — he never sat for another. He sat as he usually did, without any after- 
arrangement, the object being to show his every-day appearance when in his office. He was always 
particular as to his appearance, always diguiiied and full of personal magnetism. 

Page 8.-0LDEST HOUSE IN THE CITY; SECTION OF ROOF OF THE TABERNACLE; 

BRIGHAM YOUNG'S SCHOOL-HOUSE; CURIOSITY SHOP IN THE TENTH 

WARD; TYPICAL SIDEWALK. 

This unique relic illustrated dates away back to pioneer days. It was one of the first buildings 
erected in the "old fort," and is to-day the only remaining one of that historic time. The 
susceptible observer holds in reverence this rare old house, mayhap, indulges a hope that from its 
present location in the rear of Zebulon Jacobs' residence, corner of First North and West Temple, it 
may yet be transferred and preserved with sacred and jealous care, say in a treasure house witn 
other mementoes, if such there are, of " the times which tried men's souls." 

Immediately northeast of the Eagle Gate is tlie old sclwolhotise where the children of President 
Young were educated. The third house east, called the White House, was among the first erected 
after the old fort was abandoned. It was occupied by the first wife and family of President Young. 

The section of the roof of the old Tabernacle is introduced to show the method of its construction. 
It is known as the " Howe truss " principle, being susceptible of sustaining an extraordinary strain 
and weight at the same time. Solidity and strength are its great characteristics. 

The strange combination of odd ornamentation, as exemplified in the so-called "Curiosity 
Shop," is found in the Tenth Ward. It is the work of a man who does not know where to begin, or 
to leave off, in attempting architectural decoration. Thousands visit the building, and for this 
reason it is reproduced. 

The typical sidewalk shows what is enjoyed by the residents in localities where the first settlers 
obeyed the advice of Brigham Young, and that was "plant trees " — advice we should all heed. 



14 PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

Page 9.-CITY AND COUNTY BUILDING. 

The grand City and County Building combiued, is situated on the ten acre block known as the 
Eighth Ward Square, between First East or State and Second East Streets and between Fourth and 
Fifth South Streets. It is a pretentious building in what is called the Romanesque style of architec- 
ture, five stories in height and 272x156 feet on the ground. Conspicuous over all surrounding build- 
ings will be the central tower, 250 feet high, surmounted by the figure of Columbia. Four corner 
towers, with emblematical statuary, will be 120 feet in height. Kyune stone and brick are the 
materials used. Several stories will be fire-proof and the cost is assumed to be at least half a million 
dollars. The grounds are beautifully parked. 

The handsome and substantial, though sombre-looking structure known as the Dooly Block, is 
quite an accession to the architecture of this city. Facing the north, its dark red stone front looks 
cold, but it makes a fine Post-ofiice, and the Third Judicial District Courts being held in it, make 
every room valuable for ofiicials and lawyers whose professions associate them with the courts. 

The beautiful McComick Block on the corner of First South and East Temple is a building ol 
which any city might be proud. It is built of dressed Kyune (Utah) stone and having a southern 
aspect, with splendid elevator privileges, its multitude of sunny rooms are all easily rented at good 
prices. 

The figure on this page is the ideal representation of the Angel Moroni — of the Book of Mormon 
History — which crowns the summit of the central eastern tower of the Salt Lake Temple. The 
figure itself is 12'^ feet in height, made of copper and richly gilded. The trumpet in his hand 
typifies the proclamation of the Gospel predicted in 14th Rev., 6th verse. The head is encircled by 
a coronet of electric fire, and all the pinnacles of the towers of that wondrous building carry 
similar suggestive circles of this modern scientific light. 

The Progress Building on Main Street is an imposing structure erected by the Auerbach Bros., has 
an elevator and convenient office floors. Cost of construction, $80,000; occupied on the ground floor 
by the Western Hardware Company and the Gallacher Trunk Company. 

The IVasatck Building is located on the northeast corner of Second South and Main Streets. 
Though older than the others illustrated, with the exception of the Co-operative or Z. C. M. I. Store, 
it may justly be called a fine addition to the business houses of the city. It was erected by the late 



PICTORIAL REFLEX OK SALT LAKE CITY. 15 

Nicholas Groesbeck. The Union Pacific's general ticket and freight offices are on the corner of this 
building. 

The Constitution Building is located on the site of the old one, which the Z, C. M. I. store 
once occupied. It is justly called one of the best blocks in the city for solidity and general conven- 
ience. The whole upper part is arranged for offices, with elevator and steam heaters all through the 
building. The cost was nearly $125,000. The lower floors are occupied by Margetts Bros., Young 
Bros., John C. Cuttler & Bro., and Barnes-Hardy Company. It is half a block from Temple Block 
on the west side of Main Street. 

The Din-voodey Block was erected by Henry Dinwoodey on the site of his building burned in 
1890. It is occupied by the Dinwoodey Furniture Company, and is devoted entirely to their 
business. The cost was |7o,ooo. Location, half a block west from Main Street on West First South. 

Chamber of Commerce is on West Second South, one and a half blocks west of Main Street. It 
was built by the Board of Trade Building Company at a cost of $6S,ooo, the ground, having been 
previously donated by adjacent property holders, was valued at |;25,ooo. The rooms of the Chamber 
of Commerce are on the second floor, convenient!}^ reached by passenger and freight elevators. 
The offices of the Rio Grande Western are on the third floor, and the U. S. Signal Service is on the 
upper one. Visitors to Salt Lake will be well repaid by a visit to the rooms of the Chamber of 
Commerce, where many of the mineral, agricultural, and manufactured products of Utah are on 
exhibition. The Pioneer Library Association has its books in the same hall. 

The Hooper Block, owned by Mrs. J. E. Caine and Miss Cora Hooper, cost $80,000. The ground 
floor is occupied by the Cunnington Compan}-. The upper floors are occupied principally by 
prominent lawyers, and reached by elevator. It is close to the east side of Main Street on East First 
South. 

The Comtnci-cial Block, one of the finest in the city, cost $250,000; has elevator, and offices on 
upper floors, and the Commercial National Bank on the first floor; is on the corner of Commercial 
and East Second South Streets; it was built in 1890. 

Co-operative Store, or Z. C. A/. /., is located on the east side of Main Street, just south of the 
Templeton Hotel. It is four stories high, including basement, with a frontage of no feet and a 
depth of 318 feet. It has lately erected an addition on the north, with 65 feet front and 100 feet in 
depth. 

Being the parent store or centre of that great system of co-operative merchandising which was 



l6 . PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

founded by President Brigham Young in 1868, it commands a great deal of attention at home and 
abroad. 

From it radiates that trade method reaching from New Mexico and Arizona to Idaho and whose 
purpose was to cheapen all commodities by bringing the producer and the consumer into proximity, 
and to prevent, by the magnitude of its stock, the creation of corners, under any circumstances. 

It carries a stock valued at one and a quarter millions. Its employes number nearly 200 and 
its sales reach annually four to five million dollars. Its capital stock is $1,250,000. Wilford 
Woodruff is President, and in all trade centres its credit is A i. Its officers and directors are among 
the leading men of the Territory, and its branch houses in Ogden, L,ogan, and Idaho Falls are 
models of business character and undisputed influence, in each respective locality. 

Connected with the merchandise department, on the northeast, is the great Shoe and Clothing 
Factory which employs some 250 hands, and turns out, from its combined departments, some $270,000 
worth of manufactured goods annually. 

Z. C. M. I. has averaged tojits stockholders, one per cent per month in dividends since its 
establishment in 1868. The whole institution is well worth a visit. 

Page lO.-FORT DOUGLAS. 

Among the attractions of the suburbs of Salt Lake City, Fort Douglas leads, commanding, as it 
does, a view of the Lake and surrounding country. It is beautifully laid out, is a full regimental 
post and was founded by General Patrick Edward Connor, who came to Utah in command of the 
California volunteers in 1862. The waters of Red Butte Canon are used to beautify and keep alive 
the shrubbery and gardens. It is now reached by the Salt Lake and Rapid Transit electric car lines. 
The dress parades and band concerts attract thousands of visitors annually. When enjoying the lux- 
ury of a carriage ride, do not fail to pay a visit to this interesting spot. The distance from the centre 
of Salt Lake City is about three miles, and car fare for the round trip, twenty cents; the elevation, 
600 feet above it. 



PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE) CITY. I? 

Page 11 -DENOMINATIONAL CHURCHES IN SALT LAKE CITY. 

St. Mary's Cathedral (Catholic), on Second East Street, between East South Temple and East 
First South Streets, was the first non-Mormon church erected in Utah, after its settlement by the 
Mormons, President Young donated I5QO.00 toward its erection. Sabbath Services are held at 8, 9, 
and 10 A M. and 7:30 p. m. 

St. Mark's Cathedral (Episcopal) is two and a half blocks east of Main Street, north side of East 
First South. The building is ninety feet long, thirty-six feet wide, and thirty-four feet high, it was 
erected in 1871, at a cost of I45 000. A transept was afterward added and a fine pipe organ placed 
therein, at a cost of $5000. Sabbath morning services at 11 a. m., evening services, 7:30 p. m. 

Presbyterian Church, corner East Second South and Second East Streets, is a plain redwood 
rustic edifice, has fine acoustic properties, and a pleasant place in which to worship. Sabbath ser- 
vices at II a. m. and 8 p. m. 

St. Paul's Chapel (Episcopal), corner of East Fourth South and Main Streets, is a handsome 
stone building, neatly and artistically finished, within and without. The Rectory adjoins the chapel. 
Time of service, same as St. Mark's. 

First Methodist Church, half a block east of Main Street on East Third South, is a roomy, hand- 
some brick structure, cost $6o,oco, and seats 800. Sunday services at 11 a. m. and 7 p. M. 

The S^i'edish Lutheran Church is on the corner of East Second South and Fourth East Streets. 
It was built in 1885, cost $10,000; is sixt}'-six feet long by fourty-four wide, and is generally con- 
sidered one of the neatest buildings for religious purposes in the city. Opposite this building is All 
Hallows College (Catholic). 

First Haptist Church. This ver}^ pretty edifice is located on the corner of West Second South and 
South Second West. Sunday services are held at eleven a. m. and 7:30 p. m. 

Visitors to Salt Lake can find Mormon Sabbath services in any one of the Twenty-three Ward 
meeting-houses in Salt Lake City. Hours of commencement, 6 to 6:30 p. m. 

Tabernacle services at 2 p. m. Sunday, as noted elsewhere. Public invited. 

The Jewish Synagogue, located on Fifth East Street, between East First and East Second South 
Streets, an interesting building recently finished, is one evidence of the cosmopolitan character 
of the population of Salt Lake. 



l8 PICTORIAL REFLBX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

The I'irst Congregational Church, a beautiful addition to the architectural attractions of Salt Lake 
City, is located on the corner of East First South and Fifth East Streets. One of the most beautiful 
organs in the West has been placed within it and combined with the elegant interior finish, helps to 
make this last addition to our collection of churches the most notable of them all. Services are 
held every Sunday at ii A. m. and 7:30 p. M. Sunday school at usual hours. 

Page 12.-TYPES OF OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

Salt Lake City has reason to be proud of her public schools, which are, in point of number, size, 
and of architectural finish, the equals of any to be found in older communities. The interior 
finishings and appointments are of the best and all the recent improvements necessary to a complete 
system have been adopted. The number of scholars enrolled is 9700 and the number iu regular 
attendance is 8250 in the public schools of the city. There are 220 teachers. No religious tenets 
are permitted to be taught, making them strictly non-sectarian. The education obtained within 
them is of the highest type. The School Board is composed of both Mormons and Gentiles, and is 
of a most progressive and liberal character. During the past three years, |i, 400,000 has been 
expended for additional school buildings and grounds. 

Page 13. -UTAH'S BEST CROP. 

It has often been remarked that the swarms of children seen in the Mormon towns, have out- 
numbered the juvenile population of other localities where the adult members were more numerous. 
A visitor once asked if every house was a school-house, seeing so many little ones playing around the 
doors. The collection of infants here shown, has always brought a smile. The title is credited to 
President George Q. Cannon, of the First Presidency of the Mormon Church, who, when asked to 
name a motto to be used in the decoration of the Tabernacle, gave the following — " Utah's Best 
Crop, her children." The first of it has become a by-word all over this broad land. 



PICTORIAL REFI^EX OF SALT LAKE CITY. rg 

Page 14.-TEMPLES BUILT BY THE MORMONS. 

Intelligeut persons are aware that early in their history, this "peculiar people" began the 
building of Temples. The Mormon Church was only organized on the sixth of April, 1830. The 
corner-stones of a Temple w^ere laid in Kirtland, Ohio, on the twenty-third of July, 1833. This was 
55x65 feet in magnitude, but for a new and poor people it was a gigantic undertaking. Within 
three years it was completed at a cost of $50,000 and dedicated on the twenty-seventh of March, 1836, 
by the Prophet, Joseph Smith, who had directed its entire construction. The spiritual manifesta- 
tions which took place there at its dedication are familiar to all readers of Mormon history. 

When the people vacated the State of Ohio, and settled on'the site of Commerce, afterwards called 
Nauvoo, in Illinois, they speedily commenced a more pretentious structure than the first. It 
became the marvel of the western country, and being of hewn stone, with such symbols on its 
exterior as to arrest the attention of the tourist, was made a continuous object lesson for the 
initiated, as well as for the new arrival in this far-famed city. The four corner-stones were laid April 6, 
1S41. A partial dedication took place on November 30th, but the complete and final dedication was 
not until May 2 and 3, 1846, nearly two years after the assassination of the Prophet. It was 128 by 
88 feet, had a fine tower, and was visible for miles up the Mississippi River. The graphic words of 
Thos. L. Kane, who described its beauty, as seen amid the quietude and desolation of Nauvoo after 
the occupants and builders had been driven at the bayonet's point into the wilderness, will linger 
long in the memory of every reader. It constitutes a recital of bloodshed and robbery such as will 
demand the corroboration of history, that it may be believed in the generations yet to come. 

The first Temple built in Utah, outside of the one commenced in Salt Lake Citj-, was at 
St. George, in the extreme southwest of the Territory of Utah. This location is beyond the "rim of 
the Basin," and was, when settled, a most forbidding section of country — dry, barren, and volcanic. 
It has gradually yielded to the industry of its colonists, until it is now the land of the peach, the vine, 
and of cotton. 

This Temple rests upon a gently rising flat or bench near the city. Its basement is of volcanic 
rock, and its walls of red sandstone, cemented and white. Its dimensions are ii4%by93>< feet. 
The main building is 84 feet high, and the single tower 150 feet. Its corner-stones were laid March 
10, 1873, and the dedication took place January i, 2, and 3, 1S77, after an expenditure of little less 
than one million dollars. This building really made colonization possible in the southwest, and its 



20 PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

cost has been amply repaid in the formation of thrifty settlements and pleasant homes practically 
beyond the reach of frost, and quite desirable for the winter residences of northerners, as foreseen by 
President Young. 

The corner-stones of the Logan Tertiple, Cache County (Northern Utah), were laid September 17, 
1877. This Temple, dedicated May 17, 1884, is 171x95 feet, stands on an eminence overlooking all 
Cache Valley, Its eastern tower is 155 feet and its western, 143 feet high. The main walls are 86 feet 
to the top of battlements. Cost $600,000. 

Maiiti Temple, in Sanpete County, occupies a more sightly position than any other of the series. 
Its corner-stones were laid April 13, 1879. In size it is 172x95 feet and 82 feet high to the square. 
The eastern tower is 180 and the western one 170 feet high; cost nearly a million dollars. The 
approaches, with the gardens, are not yet completed. 

These Temples are the great spiritual educational institutions of the Latter-Day Saints. In them 
will be held the "Schools of the Prophets." Science, L,iterature, and Theology will be taught, and 
there will be performed, marriages and those " sealing " ordinances, to which every devout Mormon 
looks forward, in connection with his or her labors there, as to the dearest duty on earth, whether 
for the living or for the dead. They are not used for public or general services, nor are thej^ easy of 
access, save to the best members of the Mormon Church, and yet outside of prurient curiosity they 
are of interest and value to all the world. 

Page 15.-STREET SCENES IN SALT LAKE CITY. 

The breadth of the streets in our city has always created comment. Some think them too wide 
— some think them just right, urging that general conflagrations are impossible; also that contagious 
diseases do not have as good a chance. Tax payers would prefer them of less width, but Brigham 
Young was the engineer who gave measurements and his ideas have settled the width of our streets 
for all time to come. One hundred and thirty-two feet from wall to wall is the usual width. 

Along most of the streets, the mountain water courses down on either side and when planted 
with trees this great width is not so noticeable. 

Those streets illustrated, are the principal business thoroughfares, and embrace East Temple (or 
Main) First and Second South Streets. One noticeable feature is that the principal poles for tele- 
graph and telephone and street railway purposes are placed in the middle of the streets. 



PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 21 

Page 16.-GARFIELD BEACH, BLACK ROCK, BRINE SHRIMP AND FLOATERS WITH 
A VIEW OF THE FIRST BATHING RESORT ESTABLISHED ON THE 

GREAT SALT LAKE. 

This noted resort (Garfield Beach) controlled by the Union Pacific Railway Company, is situated 
at the most picturesque point on the southern shores of our great inland sea. Every thing necessary 
to the comfort and pleasure of visitors has been provided, and in the matter of good beach, it is 
superior to Saltair, but it is some six or seven miles further from the city than the latter. 

The collection of views embraces — a view of Black Rock, a small rocky island about three-quarters 
of a mile east of Garfield, and one showing the background of mountains, as seen looking from the 
lake, and one from the tower, looking seawards. The enlarged picture of the brine shrimp will 
interest the scientist, the pictures of bathers floating will give an idea of the density of the water, 
while the picture of the steamer "Garfield," and the original bathing pier, will show how the 
evolution of lake bathing has developed since the seventies. 

The cost of erection of the pavilion and the buildings on the shore was |75,ooo. They are as 
complete and commodious as can be desired. It is distant i8 miles from Salt Lake City, via the Utah 
and Nevada branch of the Union Pacific. Fare for the round trip, 50 cents; baths, 25 cents. 

Visitors should never omit visiting this remarkable resort and enjoying this miracle of luxurious 
bathing. The buoyancy of the water is so great that you can sit in it with perfect ease, a few hori- 
zontal motions of the hands being all that is necessary to keep yourself in position. Care should be 
taken to keep the water from your eyes, nose and mouth. The following shows the comparative 
density of different bodies of water: 

WATER. SOLIDS. 

Atlantic Ocean 96-5 3-5 

Mediterranean Sea 96-2 3-8 

Dead Sea 76-0 24-0 

Great Salt Lake 86-0 14-0 



22 PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

The lake is eighty miles long by fifty wide. It is shallow on the east side and deeper on the 
west; the greatest known depth being sixty feet. The most noted living thing found in it is the 
ariennafertiles, or brine shrimp, a wonderful creature about the size of a mosquito. 

Vast quantities of salt are obtained by solar evaporation from ponds, during the summer months, 
at various points on the borders of the lake. It is shipped to the ore smelters of Utah, Idaho, 
Montana, and Colorado for fluxing purposes. There is enough to supply the whole Union for an 
indefinite period. The traveler should carry home specimens of water and sand from the shore, 
examine the same under a magnifying glass and he will find that what was apparently sand, is a 
polished globe of lime, beautiful to look upon. If you are fond of climbing, visit the cave on the 
mountain side, about half a mile from the bathing houses, there get a grand view of the lake and 
islands, notice also, the wonderful water line that marks the epoch when the lake was a thousand feet 
higher than it is now, and was a fresh water lake, since named " Lake Bonneville," in honor of the 
modern discoverer of its former existence. 

Many persons ascribe great medicinal properties to the lake water. Some who are aff'ected with 
catarrh, nervous debility, insomnia, rheumatism and skin diseases, have derived great benefit by 
bathing in its waters. 

An analysis, by Prof. O. D. Allern, of the waters of Salt Lake, gives the following result: 

Chloride of Sodium 79- 1 1 

Chloride of Magnesia 9.95 

Sulphate of Soda 6. 22 

Sulphate of Potassia 3.58 

Sulphate of Lime '. .57 

Excess of Chlorine 57 

Total 100,000 

Note. — The reader is refered to the elaborate article by Prof. J. A. Talmage, concerning the 
brine shrimp, on another page. 



PICTORIAL REFLKX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 25 

Page 17.-SALTAIR BEACH AND PAVILION. 

This is a new bathing resort about twenty minutes ride from Salt L/ake City, via., the Salt Lake 
and Los Angeles Railway. From an architectural standpoint, it has no peer in America, and for the 
purposes intended, no detail has been omitted that might make it a delightful place for a few hours, 
being always cool and pleasant in the hottest weather. 

Erected by citizens of Salt Lake City — the architecture being Moorish — it was commenced 
February i, 1893, and completed June ist the same year, at a cost of $250,000. It is built upon 
2500 ten inch piling at the end of a pier, reaching 4000 feet into the Lake. 

The total length of the buildings from east to west is 1115 feet. It is crescent shaped in outline, 
with the convex side nearest the shore. The greatest width is 335 feet and the height, from water to 
top of main tower, 152 feet. The hmch pavilion is 151x253 feet, size of dancing floor above it is 
140x250 feet, without a pillar or other obstruction. 

The dancing pavilion is constructed after the style of roofing adopted in the big tabernacle 
(same size), but the frame work is of iron. 

There are 620 bath rooms. Bathers can be accommodated with any depth of water desired. At 
night, 1250 incandescent and forty arc lights, give the place a fairy like appearance, as these lights 
are reflected in the placid waters of the lake on a calm summer night. 

The views are taken to show the bathing facilities from the annex, looking towards the main 
central tower — also the south front or entrance to the tower. Another shows the interior of the 
great dancing pavilion, and the fourth, the lake or north front. The central view is a bird's-eye 
view from the architect's plans, minus the annex. No visitor to Salt Lake Citj' should fail to see 
this very interesting and wonderful creation, standing like an island in the dead sea of America. 

Page 18. -FIRST PRESIDENCY OF THE MORMON CHURCH. 

The portraits of the highest officials of the Mormon Church embrace President Wilford Wood- 
ruff and his counselors, George Q. Cannon and Joseph F. Smith. These three constiti:te the " First 
Presidency of the Church." 

President Wilford Woodruff" was born March i, 1807, at Farmington, Conn. He is one of the 



24 PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

pioneers who entered the valley July 24, 1847, and has been a hard worker at all times in his active 
life. His reputation for honesty and unfailing sincerity is above reproach. He enjoys the full confi- 
dence of his people, who desire that his life may be continued to his heart's desire. 

His first counselor, George Q. Cannon, is also a man of much talent as a writer, legislator, and 
teacher of the doctrines of the Mormon faith. He was born on the Isle of Man, January 11, 1827, 
enjoys the confidence of the people and is regarded as a safe counselor and a man of strong 
character in all the walks of life. 

Joseph F. Smith, a nephew of the prophet, Joseph Smith, was born on the thirteenth day of 
November, 1838. He is a man of a high spiritual nature, unflinching integrity, and of devotion, 
enjoying the confidence of his people to the fullest extent. He takes the lead in all movements 
looking to the advancement of the members of the Church. Very agreeable in all associations with 
his fellowman — no wonder that such men enjoy the high honor of being trusted to the utmost, as 
advisers and counselors, both to the President and the people of the Mormon Church. 

Page 19.-PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 

Tke Utah Territorial Exposition Building and grounds occupy a regular city block of ten acres, six 
blocks east of Main Street on Fifth South, and are used for the annual Territorial Expositions. 
When filled with agricultural, mineral, mechanical, and manufactured products, and local works of 
art, it is a reflex of the material growth and the refinement of Utah's population. The total length 
of the building from north to south is 620 feet. Its towers rise 120 feet from first floor to the base 
of flag pole. The central interior is galleried. The whole makes a not easily forgotten object lesson 
of the Annual Fair which is held each October. 

The County Jail on Second South near Second West Street commands attention by its neat 
architectural appearance. 

It cost 140,000, and in construction is modern. The residences of the County Sheriflf and Jailer 
are in front of the building, and the old unused County Court House is in adjoining proximity. 

St. Mary s Hospital (Catholic), managed by the Sisters of the Holy Cross, is one of the most 
imposing, the largest, and the best appointed hospitals in Utah. It contains 200 cots and was created 
at a cost of |ioo,ooo. 



PICTORIAL REFLHX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 25 

Monthly subscriptions from miners and private patients sustain this good work. Doctors Pin- 
kerton and Meacham are the surgeons and physicians in charge. The sisters who manage its inter- 
nal economy were originally from St. Mary's, Indiana. Their devotion is as phenomenal here as 
elsewhere. Visitors can reach the institution, which is situated between Tenth and Eleventh East, by 
taking the East First South Street electric cars. 

The Deserei Hospital is that conducted by the Mormon Church. 

St. Mark's Hospital (Episcopal), opposite the Warhi Springs is another imposing and first-class 
hospital. 

The University of Utah occupies a ten-acre block. It is situated in the northwest part of 
the city on Second North and Second West Streets. This, the largest institution of learning- 
in Utah, originated under an incorporation act, passed by the local Legislature in 1850, entitled 
the " University of the State of Deseret." It was a grand conception, far beyond those days of 
poverty and insignificant resources, but it struggled patiently and bravely under the management of 
its regency until 1869, when Dr. John R. Park, as its principal, reorganized it on a broad basis, which 
included scientific, moral and classical courses. Since then, under enlarging legislative appropria- 
tions, it has grown to be the foremost institution of the Western Territories. 

For Utah students, a five-dollar entrance fee is all that tuition costs. For those outside (of which 
there are many) twenty-five dollars per annum is the price. 

T7ie Deaf and Dumb Institute, on the southwest corner of the same block, cost $55,000. It is 
deemed large enough for all of that class who may be entitled to its advantages. The boys are 
taught useful trades whenever practicable, and the girls, domestic accomplishments, in addition to 
the common rudiments of education. The latest advanced methods are used. 

Here, thanks to legislative liberality, education is free to those unable to pay, and but five dollars 
per week is asked of those who are able. This amount covers board, tuition, and lodging. Appli- 
cations for further information should be addressed to the Principal, Salt Lake City. 

The Salt Lake Theatre, originally built by President Young, is situated on the'corner of First East 
and East First South Street. Its area is 174x80 feet, and height 75 feet from floor to ceiling. The 
stage is 62x32 feet. Its general capacity leaves room for seating 1800 persons. All the appointments 
of this house are very complete. Ingress and egress are safe and easy, and in fact, it is considered 
as well adapted for theatrical purposes as any theatre in the Rocky Mountains. 



26 PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

HOT AND MEDICINAL SPRINGS, SANITARIUM, ETC., BECK'S HOT SPRINGS 

RESORT, SWIMMING POOL. 

Among the natural curiosities of Utah are its numerous thermal waters, some of which have 
become more than locally famous. 

Beck's Hot Springs, some three miles north of the city, are looked upon as equal to any of the 
great sanitariums of the country, being recommended for both blood and skin diseases, for chronic 
disorders and for rheumatism. 

The general temperature is 122° F., and bathers can use the swirnming pool, 250x50 feet, the 
plunge 70 feet long, or private bath rooms, to suit small parties or individuals. 

This wonderful resort is reached by The Great Salt Lake and Hot Springs Railway, every forty 
minutes, by the U. P. and R. G. W. Railways, or by private conveyance. 

Hotel accomodations are in connection with the baths, and the following analysis of the waters 
is deemed official, so that invalids can estimate for themselves their value, whether internal or 
external. Although very heavily mineralized (carrying 14.561 grammes of solid matter in 1000 cubic 
centimeters) the waters "are as clear as crystal, and exceedingly palatable. When taken cold, it 
operates on the bowels and kidneys. Slightly peppered and salted it can scarcely be distinguished 
from "chicken broth." With a raw egg it makes a perfect shampoo for the hair. Prof. Henry 
Hirsching, of the Salt Lake Mining Academy, gives these analytic details. 

GASES. 

Sulphuretted Hydrogen i4-5 Mgr. 

Carbonic Acid (free) i-5 Vol. 



PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 



27 



SOLIDS. 

Carbonate of Soda 0.251 Grammes 

Sulphate of Soda 2.418 

Sulphate of Magnesia 0.461 

Potassium Sulphate o. 1 82 

Chloride of Sodium 10.263 

Chloride of Potassium o. 145 

Chloride of Magnesium o. 1 25 

Chloride of Calcium 0.112 

Calcium Carbonate 0.405 

Magnesium Carbonate o. loi 

Iron Carbonate 0.008 

Sodium Borate 0.004 

Calcium Borate 0.002 

Silica o.02r 

Undetermined 0.063 



Total 14,561 Grammes 

The Warm Spriiii^s are located within the City limits on the corner of Seventh North and Second 
West, and can be reached every fifteen minutes by electric cars. Here, can be had, Turkish, plunge, 
or private baths, all of which are considered as advantageous to the healthy as to the invalid. 

The temperature of the baths runs from 100° to 108° F., and stress is laid upon their curative 
value in rheumatism, dyspepsia, and catarrh of the head or stomach. 

The springs are charged with hydro-sulphuric acid gas and ladies praise their virtues as removers 
of tan, freckles, etc., in fact as superior to any cosmetic in the improvement of the complexion. 

The improvements and accommodations are of the first order. 

The Salt Lake Hot Springs Sanitarium, located in the heart of the city, on West Third South Street, 
between Main and West Temple Streets, is supplied with water of 110° F. from an excellent 
mineral-medicinal spring three miles distant, and is as tasty, complete, and commodious a 



28 PICTORIAIv REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

sanitarium as cau be found in any city. Its waters are equally as beneficial as those of other springs. 
The price of a bath at each of these springs and at the sanitarium is twenty-five cents. 

The hot, thermal and medicinal springs, so conveniently located at Salt Lake City are destined 
to, ere long, make her the greatest sanitarium on the American Continent. 

Page 20.-THE LEADING HOTELS, CHURCH UNIVERSITY, AND ST. MARY'S ACAD- 
EMY (CATHOLIC.) 

The Templeton claims the most attractive location for a hotel, in the city, for the tourist espe- 
cially, being close to the Temple Block and the Mormon buildings, around which so much interest 
centres. The dining hall is on the top floor and commands from its elevation a magnificent pros- 
pect. The views from the principal rooms are superb. It is heated by steam, and lighted by elec- 
tricity, and has elevator and every convenience. Rates, $2.50 to $5.00 per day. Don C. Porter, 
manager; built in rSgo. 

The Kniitsfoid, the largest and most modern hotel in the city, is located on the corner of State 
(First East) and East Third South Streets, opened June i, 1S91, has 300 rooms, with elegant appoint- 
ments. Nothing has been omitted to make this hotel the finest between Chicago and San Francisco. 
Prices per day, $3.00 to $5.00. G. S. Holmes, manager. 

The CuIIeii Hotel, on West Second South Street, S. C. Ewing, proprietor, and the Walker 
House on Main Street, Bechtol & Sands, proprietors, are modern in their appointments and well 
conducted. Rates, $2.00 to $3.00 per day. 

The Mormon Church University was built to be used as an institution for the benefit of students in 
all the principles of advanced scientific knowledge. The apparatus and appliances are of the latest 
pattern, and the institution promised to be one of great benefit, but by arrangement with the terri- 
torial officers having charge of the Utah University, the apparatus and appliances have been trans- 
ferred to the latter. The Deseret Museum is located on the top floor of the building. It is located 
at First North, between First and Second West Streets. 

The Sisters Academy (Catholic) is located on North First West, between West First and West Sec- 
ond South Streets. It is an admirably conducted institution, where the principles of a sound and 



PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 29 

thorough education, for girls, can be obtained. The development of artistic education in drawing 
and painting is one of the specialties and beautiful examples of advanced proficiency are constantly 
prodiiced under the care of the gentle sisterhood. 

Page 21.-TYPES OF LOCAL INDIANS AND SOME OF THE SIOUX NATION. 

The Indians represented on the last page are types of the races that still remain in our 
valleys. Strange to say they are gradually dying off, although uniformly treated with kindness in 
every Mormon home in Utah. The policy of Brigham Young was that it was better to feed, than 
to fight them. 

The Indians generally regard Mormons as their friends, and very seldom is there trouble 
between the settlers ad Indians in Utah. Colonies for them have been formed under the direction 
of Mormon Elders with a view of getting the Indians to understand and adopt the habits of the 
whites, but the results thus far, are not very encouraging. 

Of the Goshutes in the western part of Utah very few remain. Of the Utes, proper, many 
families are seen at times on the streets of Salt Lake City. 

The Shoshones and Bannocks in the northern part of Utah and Southern Idaho are more 
numerous. They are superstitious about having their portraits taken and it is next to impossible to 
get them to pose, without dressing up for the occasion, attrition with civilization having led them to 
have some regard for personal appearance — at least when being photographed. 

Note. — The portraits of Sioux Indians used, are obtained from the fact that there were enlisted 
men in the U. S. Army (stationed at Fort Douglas), and through a strong feeling of friendship, 
they reluctantly allowed themselves photographed as dressed for their famous "Ghost Dance" — a 
concession never permitted when in their own villages. 

GENERAL INFORMATION OF VALUE TO EVERY VISITOR. 

On arrival at the Union Pacific, the Rio Grande Western or the Utah Central Depot, the visitor 
may take street cars leading to the central part of the city, fare five cents. 



3o PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

Omnibus and excursion wagons charge twenty-five cents, baggage included, to any hotel, distant 
points, fifty cents per head. 

The maximum rates of fare that can be demanded by any owner or driver of public vehicles as 
fixed by the city ordinance are as follows: 

For conveying each passenger from one depot to another, fifty cents. 

For conveying one passenger not exceeding one mile, fifty cents. 

Each additional mile or part of mile, twenty-five cents. 

For conveying children between five and fourteen years of age, not to exceed half the above 
price may be charged for like distances, but for children under five years of age, no charge shall be 
made. 

For use of any hack, coach or other vehicle drawn by two horses, by the day, with one or more 
passengers, $8. 

For the use of any such carriage or vehicle by the hour with one or more passengers, with the 
privilege of going from place to place, and stopping as often as may be required, for the first 
hour, $2. 

For each additional hour or part of hour, $i. 

For the use of any hack, cab or other vehicle, drawn by one horse or other animal, by the hour, 
for the first hour, $i, and for each additional hour or part thereof, seventy-five cents; by the 
day, |5. 

STREET NOMENCLATURE. 

The streets of Salt Lake City are laid out at right angles, 132 feet wide, and run north and south, 
east and west — combined, they would extend over 100 miles. 

The central business street is called East Temple (or Main) Street, and bounds the Temple Block 
on the east. 

The street bounding Temple Block on the south is called South Temple, and sometimes Brigham 
Street. 

The street bounding Temple Block on the west is called West Temple Street. 

The street bounding Temple Block on the north is called North Temple Street — sometimes 
Aqueduct Street. 



PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 3I 

The streets east of East Temple Street are designated by numbers and called First East, Second 
East, etc.; those south of South Temple Street being called First South, Second South, etc.; those 
west of West Temple Street being called First West, Second West, etc. ; and those north of North 
Temple Street being called First North, Second North, etc. 

RAMBLES AFOOT. 

Some travelers love to walk around and leisurely see everything. For such, I have introduced 
three rambles on foot that may prove of interest. 

Ramble No. 1. 

From the hotel where you may stop, find Main (East Temple) Street. Ivooking up grade 
will be looking north, down, the reverse. Suppose we start from the Deseret Bank corner north- 
wards; we soon arrive at the big Co-operative Store. Visitors are always welcome to look over this 
vast establishment, founded by the late Brigham Young in iS68. A few steps further north across 
East South Temple (Brigham) Street bring you to the General Tithing Office and Deseret Even- 
ing News Building. This is the oldest paper west of the Missouri River and the publishing house 
of the Mormon Church publications. South, across South Temple Street, a little east of the corner of 
the Templeton Hotel you will find the extensive Z. C. M. I. Boot and Shoe Factory; then the office 
of the Historian of the Mormon Church; still farther east, on the corner of First East and East 
South Temple (Brigham) Streets, is the Gardo House, previously described. On the north side of the 
street are the Ivion and Bee-hive Houses, and the Executive office of the Presidency of the 
Mormon Church — also that of the Deseret Telegraph Company, built by Brigham Young. East of 
the Bee-hive House (which is just across Brigham Street from the Gardo House) is the Eagle Gate, 
and on the right of it, the school-house formerly used by the children of President Young. Looking 
south, under the eagle, is the First East Street or "State Road," sixteen miles long in a straight 
line. Go a little further north and the first turn to the right is First Street. Go up, nearly to the 
summit of the hill, and in the iron fenced enclosure rest the remains of Brigham Young. Turn to 
the left at the next corner and pass the Eighteenth Ward Mormon Chapel and the Independent 



32 PICTORIAL RFFLEX OK SALT LAKE CITY. 

school-house, erected by the Mormon members of the ward, until you reach Anderson's tower, from 
which a splendid view of the entire valley is obtained. As you descend the hill, turn down a steep 
lane to the right, cross over the bridge which spans City Creek, follow the road down under the 
Eagle Gate and go down the State Road. On the left, notice the Social Hall, where the first theatri- 
cal performances in Utah were held in early days and where the "Pioneers" used to enjoy them- 
selves, before the Salt Lake Theatre, which is on the northwest corner of State and East First South 
Streets, was built. Across the street, a little to the east, is the City Hall and Fire Department 
headquarters — well worth a visit. Return then west, one block, and you are back at your starting 
point. 

Ramble No. 2. 

Continue across Main Street to the McCornick Bank Block and going north, you pass Savage's 
Art Bazar, where the best collection of views of Utah and surrounding country can be obtained. 
Turn west one block and north half a block, there is the west entrance to the Temple Block, midway 
along the wall. Visitors are admitted from ten o'clock until twelve and from one until four p. m. 
Mr. Thomas, the custodian, will conduct you around and explain all that interests strangers. 
Continue north half a block and one block east, to Main Street, then ascend Arsenal Hill — now 
Capitol Hill. L,et this ramble be towards evening when the setting sun gilds the distant lake to the 
west and you will enjoy a panorama never forgotten. 

Should the pedestrian desire to climb to the summit of Ensign Peak, he will be well repaid, as 
the point is 750 feet above the city, and commands a vista of wonderful scope; a roadway leads up to 
it along the ridge on the west side of City Creek. 

The mud wall, seen as you ascend the hill, was erected by President Young as a protection 
from Indian raids, soon after the Valley was first settled by the Mormons. Brigham is reported to 
have said, "That if it did not save the people from the Indians, it made labor for those who had no 
work." 

Ramble No. 3. 

Leaving the same starting point and continuing down Main Street to Fourth South Street, turn 
east one block to the new City and County building. Return north up State Street, passing the 



PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 33 

Knutsford Hotel, to Second South Street. Then turn west to West Temple Street, passing the 
Sanitarium, north on West Temple to the post-office, and then west to the Chamber of Commerce. 
At the latter may be seen a valuable collection of Utah products and free literature. Then return 
east to Main Street, the business thoroughfare of the city. 

CARRIAGE DRIVES. 

The points of interest that can be reached when riding out are Fort Douglas, Prospect Hill, 
Liberty Park, the "Drive," and The Boulevard. To reach any of these you pass many interesting 
points; and if you have time, a drive up City Creek Canon will be found both pleasant and 
attractive. Hundreds of Salt Lakers take their conveyances, tents, and camp accoutrements, and 
spend delightfully cool weeks up the canons that open out into the valley, during the summer 
season — except City Creek, along which no one is allowed to camp. 

The canons possessing the greatest attractions are City Creek and Big and Little Cottonwood 
Canons. An ascent of any one of these reveals a succession of beautiful pictures. 

Grant Bros. Transfer Co., on West Temple, between South Temple and First South, has the 
largest and best appointed livery and transfer stables in the west, possessing facilities for hauling 
large parties of tourists in their celebrated "Tallyho Coach, Raymond," the largest in the world, 
and other commodious " Drags, " Coupes, Victorias, etc., etc. Gentlemanly drivers, well posted 
on matters of interest to tourists, are furnished. 

Calder's Park, just south of the city, is a beautiful resort, with all of the essential features, and 
reached by electric cars. 

POINTS OF INTEREST OUTSIDE OF THE CITY- ^ 

The traveler who intends to enjoy himself for a few days in Utah, should visit some of the 
grand canons of the Wasatch range. The most beautiful is Big Cottonwood Canon, easily accessible 
by conveyance, the road is smooth and the scenery well repays. Little Cottonwood Cafion, can be 
reached by rail via. the R. G. W. Railway, to Wasatch ( ' ' Granite" Summer Resort), thence by tram cars 
to Alta, 9000 feet elevation . From the heated valley to snow banks in a few hours is a trip worth taking. 



34 PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

Should the visitor desire to still further take in the grandeur of the Wasatch range, I advise him to 
go three miles, on foot or horseback, from Alta over to Brighton's (Silver Lake Summer Hotel, 9200 
feet elevation) see the beautiful lakes and mountains, thence over to Park City, by wagon road, and 
visit the greatest mining camp in Utah, the location of the famous Ontario and Daly Mines. From 
Park City he can reach Salt Lake City by rail over the Utah Central, giving him grand views in 
Parley's Park, and down Parley's Canon, back to the city. The whole trip is full of scenic interest 
and quite inexpensive. The famous mines of Tintic can be reached by the Union Pacific or R. G. 
W. Railways. The last named passes around Utah Lake and through the towns and villages in 
Utah Valley. The U. P. train leaves direct for Eureka from a point near Lehi, the first town reached 
on entering Utah Valley. At Lehi is located one of the six Beet Sugar Factories in the United States, 
having made last year (its third year) 4,000,000 lbs. of refined sugar. 

Bingham Caiion, another important mining camp, but in the Oquirrh mountains, on the west 
side of the valley, is also a great place of interest. It can be easily reached by the R. G. W. Rail- 
way. A train for this point leaves every morning and returns every evening. See time tables. 

Besides Utah Lake, the most noted in Utah are Fish Lake, 250 miles south of Salt Lake City 
and 6500 feet above the sea, and Bear Lake on the northeastern part of Utah. Both of these lakes 
abound in fish and are objects of great natural beauty. 

STATISTICS OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

The population of Salt Lake City is 60,000 by a close estimate. 

The estimated wealth of Salt Lake City is $75,000,000. ,. 

The altitude of the City above sea-level is 4300 feet above the sea at the southeast corner of 
Temple Block. 

The death rate of Salt Lake City for 1S93 was 11 per thousand population. 

City Creek, Parley's Creek and Emigration Creek are the chief sources of water supply for 
the City. 

The aqueduct for carrying oflF its surplus waters runs through the centre of North Temple Street. 

A large canal runs from the narrows of Jordan River, twenty miles south, into the eastern part 
of the City with an outlet into the City Creek aqueduct near East Temple Street, other canals are 



PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 35 

also constructed to water the western part of the valley in addition to two others on the east of 
the river. 

Salt Lake City has over 60 miles of water mains, 22 miles of sewers, J2, 500,000 city debt, a city 
tax of Yt, of I per cent, 70 miles electric street railway, it has 300 arc electric street lights, a large 
number of artesian wells, three fin« hospitals, splendid public school system and schools and churches 
of nearly all the religious sects to be found in other cities. 

There are three daily papers published in Salt Lake City: The DesERET New^S, Herald, and 
Tribune. 

There are twenty-three public school districts in Salt Lake City, where a good common school 
education may be obtained. There is also a good public high school. 

The diflFerent religious societies also have schools, so that education is easy of access to all who 
desire it. 

There are twenty-three bishops' wards in Salt Lake City. The Mormon residents of each of 
these are in charge of the bishop and his two counselors and an organization of teachers. There are 
also young ladies' and young men's Mutual Improvement Societies, as well as Primary Associations 
for small children and Relief Societies for the benefit of the needy and aged members. 

The arrangements made by the Mormon Church are so perfect that but few if any persons of 
advanced age are forgotten. The sight of aged members of that Church asking alms is as rare as 
angels' visits. A committee of gentlemen makes it a business to see that a grand entertainment 
every summer in the shape of an excursion is provided for all who are seventy years of age or older. 
Last year (1893) about 1017 persons over seventy visited Ogden and were received with the greatest 
enthusiasm. Everything was free — the street cars, the railroad, the entertainment and the prizes. 
The Union Pacific and the R. G. W. Railways have annually assisted in providing these free 
excursions for the aged. During the winter months a grand free performance in the Salt Lake 
Theatre is also provided by local amateur talent for these old people, including also local widows 
(of any age) and all orphans and deaf mutes. No restrictions are made as to race, faith or color —all 
who are worthy are entitled to enjoy this treat. 

TERRITORIAL ITEMS OF INTEREST. 

Salt Lake Valley is twenty miles long by eighteen in the widest part. Nearly all the land avail- 
able for cultivation is taken up. 



36 PICTORIAIv REFIvEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

Thirty -two million bricks are made near Salt Lake City yearly. 

One hundred and forty-eight thousand tons of salt, made by evaporation on the borders of the 
Lake, is the annual output. 

Utah covers an area of 82,190 square miles. 

The population of Utah by official count, June i, 1890, was 207,905; now, about 235,000. 

The legal rate of interest in Utah is eight per cent per annum. 

There are 62,000 teachers and scholars in the Mormon Sunday School Union in Utah Territory. 

There were thirty-seven banks in Utah Territory, with a capital of $5,150,231.78 and deposits 
amounting to $8,355,684 (1892). 

Forty-nine thousand seven hundred and forty barrels of beer are made annually. (See note on 
Utah barley). 

The products of the Utah Woolen Mills in Provo, and of the Deseret Woolen Mills in Salt Lake 
City, are sold all over the Union. The demand for them is increasing for the reason that they are 
all wool and honestly made to wear well. 

There are eighteen cigar factories in Utah. The sale of stamps shows that 2,563,000 cigars were 
manufactured in a year, most of them in Salt Lake City, where there are thirteen factories. 

Utah boasts of the finest Beet Sugar Factory in America. It is located near Lehi and cost I500,- 
000 to build it. The first year's run (1891) was 10,000 tons of beets which produced 1,250,000 pounds 
of fine sugar. The second year showed 1,500,000 lbs. from 10,000 tons of beets, and the third year, 
with 2,700 tons, yielded 4,000,000 lbs. of sugar. This sugar took the prize at the Columbian World's 
Exposition, 1893. Five dollars per ton is paid for the beets, which were raised at different places in 
the Territory. Twenty per cent was the highest product of sugar found in the beets, and those 
came from a place on the west side of the Jordan River in Salt Lake Valley. The factory employs 
no men when running. Some 3,200 people, directly and indirectly, find employment on account of 
this sugar factory. 

THE MINERAL PRODUCT FOR 1892. 

There were more ounces of silver and gold and more pounds of lead produced in Utah that year 
than in any previous year in its history. According to Wells, Fargo & Co's invaluable statement 
prepared by J. F. Dooly, the output consisted of 



PICTORIAI, RKHlvEX OF SAI.T LAKE CITY. 37 

1 ,822,616 lbs. copper, at 5 cts. per ft $ 91, 130 80 

, 91,117,107 lbs. unrefined lead, at I55 per ton 2,505,720 42 

8,969,656 ozs. fine silver, at 86% cts. per ounce 7,792,388 65 

38,182 ozs. fine gold, at fao per ounce .... 763,640 00 

Total export value $11,152,879 87 

Computing the gold and silver at their mint valuation, and other metals at the seaboard, it would 
increase the value of the product to $16,276,818.03. 

The mining interests ofUtah, with few exceptions, have been developed by non-Mormons. The 
agricultural and maniifacturing interests, by the Mormons, principally. 

The Union Pacific has 542 miles of railroad, most of it broad gauge, in Utah; the Rio Grande 
Western, 470 miles of broad gauge; the Central Pacific, 157 miles of broad gauge, and the Utah Cen- 
tral, 49 miles of narrow gauge. 

Over 260 distinct classes of minerals have been found in Utah, all having commercial value. 

The Ontario Mine at Park City has paid out in dividends since its start $12,425,000; Number of 
dividends, i to 187. The Daly Mine, dividends i to 58, paid out $2,212,500. 

The Utah output of precious metals in 1890 was $11,366,532.59; of coal, $572,519.00; of cement, 
$210,600.00; ofasphaltum, $30,000.00; of gypsum, $50,000.00; of limestone, $98,000.00. 

SALT LAKE CITY'S MANUFACTURES. 

There are three soap factories in Salt Lake City doing good businesses. 

The Dinwoodey Furniture Company is the largest of several furniture manufacturing concerns. 

The Z. C. M. I. Factory turns out about $175,000 worth of boots and shoes, $80,000 in overalls 
and $10,000 in sole leather each year, giving employment to 200 persons. Solomon Brothers also 
make $20,000 worth of boots and shoes per annum, and Robinson Brothers manufacture about the 
same amount of similar goods. 



38 PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE) CITY. 

LAND AND PRODUCTS. 

In 1890 there were in Utah, 374,340 acres of land under cultivation, of which 310,759 were 
actually irrigated. 

"Dry farming," that is, farming without irrigation, is successful some seasons, but irrigation 
makes the raising of crops a certainty. 

Utah exported 1,000,000 bushels of wheat in 1891, and raised 2,409,454 bushels. Utah also won 
the National prize given by the American Agriculturist, (1891), for the largest yield of wheat, to the 
acre, 84 bushels — Mr. Gibbey, of Mill Creek, carrying off the premium of f 500. 

In [890 there were raised in Utah of oats. 1,132,218 bushels; of corn, 165,067 bushels; of bafley, 
212,546 bushels; of lucerne (alfalfa) hay, 306,100 tons; of rye, 45,204 bushels; of meadow hay, 120,572 
tons; of potatoes, 935,874 bushels. 

Live stock in 1890 — Territorial Statistician's report. Number of sheep, 1,410,021; milch cows, 
52,066; cattle, 237,458; horses, 80,602; wool product, 7,651,252 pounds; butter, 1,847,447 pounds; 
cheese, 247,875 pounds; wine, 31,886 gallons; honey, 854,387 pounds. 

In 1892 the wool output was in round numbers, 16,000,000 pounds. 

Utah barley has the reputation of making the finest beer. As a consequence there are several 
breweries, giving employment to a great number of persons. The product is exported to all the 
surrounding States and Territories. 

lyucerne or alfalfa is one of the most valuable crops, and has made many a poor man wealthy. 
It has the property of rooting deeply into the soil, and stands drought wonderfully. If watered 
well from three to five crops can be cut annually, yielding from one to two and one-half tons per 
cutting, and sometimes eight tons of hay per season. Cattle eat it ravenously. 

The best native timber is the red pine. The only hard woods are the mountain mahogany and 
maple, but neither of these is large enough to be available for manufacturing purposes. 

Natural gas is supposed to exist in unlimited volume. Some of the outlets show a pressure of 
149 pounds, and when fired, light up the country for miles around. The greatest storehouse yet 
tapped is at a point near Centerville, on the border of the Great Salt Lake; about twelve miles north 
of Salt Lake City. 



PICTORIAI, REFIvEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 39 

CLIMATE AND FRUITS. 

The month of June is the dryest in the year. 

The average annual rainfall in Utah for twenty years is 16.5 inches, at the Salt Lake Signal 
Service Station, altitude about 4300 feet, but at the higher elevations the precipitation is much more 
and remains, sometimes, all the summer and autumn, as snow. 

A few thunder showers occur during the summer months and sometimes late in the fall. 

Highest point on record reached by the thermometer was 102 degrees, on July 30, 1889. Ninety 
degrees is seldom reached, and not so much felt as in humid atmosphere of lower places. 

By ascending our canons during the heated term you can enjoy any degree of temperature 
wished, and enjoy the delightful surroundings that make them so attractive. 

Table of Elevations o&the principal places in Utah. From the U. S. Survey. 

Feet above sea level. Feet above sea level. 

Salt Lake City 4.261 Logan 4-557 

Great Salt Lake 4.218 Nephi 4-92o 

American Fork 4.608 Parowan 5-9io 

Provo 4 -520 Promontory 4905 

Utah Lake 4.498 Richfield 5.282 

Spanish Fork. 4-556 Rush Valley 5.234 

Beaver 6.058 Mammoth Mine 6.947 

Fort Douglas 4.800 Tintic 4-833 

Corinne 4.232 Tooele 4.487 

Devil's Gate 4.835 Willard City 4.350 

Echo 5-589 Daw's Mountain 13-300 

Fillmore 6.025 ^t. Nebo ir.992 

The lowest temperature recorded in Salt Lake City was twenty below zero, January 20, 1883. 
Since 1874 the mercury has fallen below zero only six times on the coldest days. 
The first frosts begin about the ninth day of October, in Salt Lake Valley on the uplands, on the 
lowlands a few days earlier. 



40 PICTORIAL RKFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

It is very seldom that winds in the Utah valleys reach more than twenty miles per hour. 
Cyclones and hurricanes are unknown. 

The Black Hamburg grape will ripen in Salt Lake valley, if protected by a northern shelter. 
The Sweetwater grape reaches perfection, without shelter, but all tender grape vines should be 
protected in winter. Nectarines, apricots and almonds do well. Our strawberries are the finest on 
earth. Our potatoes and vegetables have no superiors. There are only a few trees growing in Salt 
Lake City that were found when the pioneers came in 1847, namely: a grove of box elder trees 
near the U. P. R. R. Station, and a group of scrub oak trees in front of a small house, the second one 
west from the corner of North Temple and Main Streets on the north side of the street. 

Excellent cotton, grapes, raisins, and semi-tropical fruits and nuts are raised in the extreme 
southern part of Utah beyond the rim of the basin 

The peach reaches perfection in the lower valleys of Utah. Our apple crop suffers from the 
codlin moth, and the indifference of those who try to raise apples. By a Territorial Law enacted in 
1894, owners are compelled to " spray " their orchards, to kill insects. 



UTAH LAND AND IRRIGATION ITEMS. 

Latitude of Utah 37° to 42° Longtitude 109° to 114° 

Total number of acres of land in Utah 52,601,600 

Total number of acres taken up 21,887,642 

Acres taken up for year ending June, 1891 309,634 

Number of farms 10,754 

Area under cultivation (acres) 374,34o 

Number of miles Irrigating ditches 2,095 

Number of miles Lateral ditches 4,888 

Total cost of Canals $2,527,678 

Number of artesian wells 2,524 

Average depth of 897 artesian wells (feet) 146 

Average cost of 897 artesian wells , $77 60 

Discharge of artesian wells in gallons, per second 2,637 

Inflow of Great Salt Lake, cubic feet (minimum) 750 



PICTORIAL RKFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 4 1 

15. Cost of water right per acre (original expense) I10.55 

16. Cost of water right, land, and fitting for tillage (combined) $26.65 

17. Number of irrigated farms 9>724 

18. Area irrigated 1890 (Territorial statistics) 310. 759 

1 9. Irrigable lands 2,304,000 

20. Area under ditches 735,226 

2T. Average size of farm for 1850 acres 65.0 

22. Average size of farm for i860 acres 14. i 

23. Average size of fann for 1870 acres 20.0 

24. Average size of farm for 1880 acres 36.5 

25. Average size of farm for 1890 (see next question) acres 

26. Average number of irrigated acres per farm 27.0 

27. Average value of irrigated land per acre $84 25 

28. Average annual cost of water per acre 0.91 

29. Avei%ge value of products per acre I18.03 

30. Per cent of farms improved in 1850 51 per cent 

31. Per cent of farms improved in i860 25 per cent 

32. Per cent of farms improved in 1870 30 per cent 

33. Per cent of farms improved in 1880 69 per cent 

34. Per cent of farms improved in 1890 — per cent 

THE BRINE SHRIMP OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE- 

By J. E. TALMAGE, Ph. D., F. R. M. S., REGENT OF UNIVERSITY OF UTAH. 

SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH. 

The brine shrimp, Artetnia fer tills (Verril) are a tiny crustacean abounding in the water of the 
Great Salt Lake. They frequent the surface; indeed, I have never taken a specimen from a depth 
beyond two feet. They may be found in the lake at all seasons, though they are most numerous 
between May and October. I have taken them in the midst of winter, when the temperature of the 



42 PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 

water was far below the freezing point — it will be remembered that the concentrated brine of the 
lake never freezes. The females greatly preponderate. In fact, during the colder months, it is 
impossible to find a male. In the latter part of summer the females are laden with eggs; from four 
to sixteen having been repeatedly counted in the egg pouch. The males are readily recognized by 
the very large claspers upon the head. 

The artemise frequent the shores during calm weather, but rain drives them into the lake. 
Oftentimes they congregrate in such numbers as to tint the water over wide areas. They are capable 
of adapting themselves to great variation in the composition of the water, as must necessarily be the 
case with any inhabitant of the Salt Lake, for that body of water is subject to wide fluctuations in 
bulk and composition. Aside from the long period of rising and falling of the waters, there are 
great annual variations caused by the relative supply of water, through rain and snow-fall, and the 
loss by evaporation. Beside the annual fluctuation, the lake is at present steadily falling, and the 
waters are constantly growing more concentrated. I have specimens of artemia gathered from the 
lake in September, 1892, and the water taken then showed on analysis 14,623.23 grains of dissolved 
solids to the imperial gallon, the greater part of this being salt. Indeed, I have captured the crea- 
tures in the evaporating ponds of the salt works, where the brine was near its point of saturation. 
It is not difficult to accustom them to a diluted medium; I have kept them alive for days in lake 
water, diluted with 25, 50, 80, and 90 per cent fresh water, and from 8 to 18 hours, in fresh water, 
only. Of course, the changes from brine to fresh water were made gradually. 

As to their food, in captivity they live upon meat, bread, or vegetables, and in fact upon almost 
anything in the nature of food, and are not slow in attacking the bodies of their own dead. In the 
lake they probably subsist on the organic matters carried down by the rivers, upon the marine algae 
which flourish about the shores, and upon the dead larvae, and the pupa cases of a fly, which are 
found in the water in great numbers. 

During a cruise upon the lake in September of the present year, the crustaceans were found in 
great abundance. When near the middle of the lake, with a small tow net, we soon took a ^uart of 
the shrimps, and thereupon resolved upon an experiment, the subsequent recital of which has 
shocked the gastronomic sensibilities of some of my dearest friends. Reasoning that the bodies of 
the artemiae were composed largely of chitin, we concluded that the question of their palatability 
was at least worthy of investigation. By a simple washing with fresh water the excess of lake brine 
was removed, after which the shrimps were cooked with no accompaniments save a trifle of butter 



PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 43 

and a suggestion of pepper. They were found to be actually delicious. If the artemiae could be 
caught and preserved in quantit)', I doubt not they would soon be classed as an epicurean delicacy. 

The mounting of the crustaceans for permanent microscopical use is by no means a simple 
undertaking, most of the ordinary media causing the delicate structure to become distorted, or 
producing such a transparency as to render the whole object invisible. The method which I now 
use, is to mount them in a preparation of lake water, with corrosive sublimate and an alcoholic 
solution of carbolic acid. Into this fluid the living artemite are transferred directly from the lake 
brine. They die quickly, but in so doing, spread themselves out most perfectly. By this method it is 
not always possible to get the mount free from foreign particles, but this is but a slight disadvantage. 
Before mounting, I make a very shallow cell of hot paraffin and balsam, and after the cover-glass is 
in position I ring the edge with a very little of the same material, following this with repeated layers 
of cement — King's preferred. 

The popular literature of the day still declares that no living thing can exist in the Great Salt 
Lake. The perpetuation of this error is inexcusable. It is true, but very few species of animal life 
have been found in the concentrated brine of the lake, but some of these species there abound. 
Among the forms of life already reported as existing in the lake I have confirmed the presence of four: 
{iMhe Ar/t-mia /erii'is {Verril); (2) the larvae of one of the Tipulidse probably C/urono»ius oceanicus 
(Pack); (3) a species of Corixa, probably Corixa decolor (Uhler); (4) larvte and pupae of a fly, Ephydra 
gracilis (^^.Qk^. Of the last-named insect the larvae are found in numbers near the shore, and the 
pupa cases in the spring and summer wash ashore in great numbers; there they accumulate, under- 
going decomposition with powerfully odorous emanation. 

A MORMON'S FAITH. 

Many visitors to Utah ask the question: " What do the Mormons believe ? " For their informa- 
tion the following is a condensed epitome of the Creed of the Mormons: 

I. 

They believe in God, the Eternal Father, in his Son, Jesus Christ, and in the Holy Ghost. 



44 PICTORIAI^ RKFLEX OF SAL,T LAKt) CITY. 



That God is a perfect being, possessing body, parts, and passions. Christ said He was the ex- 
press image of His Father's person — God is the Father of the Spirits of all mankind. And that the 
atonement of Christ was designed to enable fallen humanity to return to the presence of their 
Eternal Father. 

in. 

That the Church as established by Jesus Christ was destroyed and his followers gradually dwin- 
dled until a general apostasy from the primitive order was the consequence. That God did not 
acknowledge the man-made systems that thus sprang up. And that no man has the right to act as a 
ser\'ant of God unless he possess the authority by revelation. 

It was therefore necessary that God should delegate some one in this age to act as His represen- 
tative, so that the same order, as that established by Jesus Christ, could be again restored in these 
latter times. Joseph Smith was the one selected, and through the administration of an holy angel, the 
Holy Priesthood was again restored to the earth, with all its orders and grades, as enjoyed in ancient 
times. 

IV. 

That the leading principles and order of induction into the church of Christ are as follows: 

1. " Faith," in the living God and in His Son, Jesus Christ. 

2. "Repentance," for our past sin, and a firm resolve to consecrate our lives to the cause of 
truth. 

3. " Baptism," by immersion for the remission of sins, by one duly authorized. 

4. " The laying on of hands," by the Elders of the Church, for the gift of the Holy Ghost. 

All who obey these laws with honest and sincere purpose of heart are entitled to enjoy the gifts 
of the true Gospel, viz.: The healing of the sick by the laying on of hands, the gifts of prophecy, 
speaking in tongues, and the revelation of God's Holy Spirit, tor the personal guidance of those that 
accept the truth, with the assurance of eternal life, should they endure to the end. 



PICTORIAL REFLEX OF SALT LAKE CITY. 43 

V. 

That the order of the Priesthood in the true church is as follows: 

First, a Prophet whose right it is to receive revelation for the guidance of the church, and for 
his assistance, two councilors and a quorum of Twelve Apostles, whose mission it is to introduce the 
Gospel to all nations. High Priests, Seventies, Elders, Bishops, Priests, Teachers and Deacons belong 
to the latter. There are two orders which constitute what is known as the Melchisedek and Aaronic 
Priesthoods. All men who live godly lives are entitled to enjoy a portion of the Priesthood. 

VL 

That the Bible is a record of God's dealings with mankind in the Eastern world and that the 
Book of Mormon, as revealed to Joseph Smith, is also a record of his dealings with the ancient 
people who lived upon the American Continent. And that these sacred books mean what they say, 
and must be understood similarly to all other histories. 



That the sphere of woman is as noble as that of man, and that she is entitled to all the rights 
that she can enjoy. 

That all capable persons should marry, and that any man who shirks the obligations of matri- 
mony is a dangerous element in society. 

That marriage is a sacred compact and should be made for time and all eternity, and must be 
performed in buildings specially erected for that purpose. For this and other reasons, temples are 
needed, that the vicarious work of baptism for the dead and other ordinances of salvation may have 
attention. 

Viii. 

That marriage, under well-defined regulations, is necessary to the proper development of the 
sexes, mentally and physically; and that unrestricted or authorized relations between the sexes are 
illegitimate and an abomination in the sight of God. 



46 PICTORIAIv REFLEX OF SAI,T I^AKF, CITY. 

IX. 

That the payment of tithes and offerings to meet the expenses of the church, to feed the hungry, 
clothe the naked, comfort the widows and orphans, and provide for old or needy persons, is a part 
of the duty of each member of the Church of Christ. 



That for the full development of the members of the church, a place of gathering is necessary. 
That the Ivord has chosen America as the asylum of the oppressed of all nations, and that the 
valleys of the mountains in the west, are the present places of rendezvous. 



That the Constitution of the United States of An. ^rica is a heaven-born document, that the nation 
will grow in power and prosperity as the strict observance of its principles are maintained and that 
it will diminish in power in the same ratio as its sublime truths are set aside. 



That the practice of self-denial is the imperative duty of a Latter-day Saint. For this reason he 
should be temperate in all things, avoid the use of tea, coffee, tobacco, and all alcoholic drinks as 
much as possible and abstain from food interdicted in the advice given to the ancients, through 
Moses. 

XIII. 

That all truths of whatever nature or character, which are clearly demonstrated are revelations 
of God's power. 

That no person is a true disciple, who, while professing the name of a saint, is false to that 
sacred title. And that no person can enjoy eternal advancement without living for it. 

That it is unlawful to take the name of God in vain on any occasion. 



PICTORIAL refi,e;x of salt lake city. 47 

And that the life and example of Christ is the highest example for all to imitate. All vaunted 
superiority lacking these qualities is hollow and of no avail. 

That every man is free to accept or reject the Gospel, but that he cannot receive remission of 
sins, be reconciled to God, nor enjoy eternal life in His presence on any other terms, than obedience 
to the Gospel, is scriptural and true. 

That all men vpill be rewarded or punished according to their works, whether good or evil. 

That the dead, who did not obey the Gospel in this life, can hear and accept it in the spirit 
world — their mortal relatives or friends attending to the ordinances of the Gospel in the Temples, on 
their behalf. 

That all mankind will be resurrected from the dead and will come forth to judgment and receive 
either reward or punishment, which will be varied in degree, according to capacity, merit, or 
demerit. 

And that the glorified earth will be the dwelling place of resurrected, glorified, and immortal 
beings, who will have previously passed their mortal probation thereon, and that they will dwell 
upon it forever in the light and knowledge and glory of God. 



SflVflGE's Rut Bazaar, 

JUST SOUTH OF THE TEMPLE AND OPPOSITE 2. C. M. I. STORE, 

IS HEADQUARTERS FOR VIEWS OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN SCENERY AND PORTRAITS 

OF UTAH'S CELEBRITIES. 

And carries full lines of Wood Novelties, Mormon Publications, Stationery. Leather Goods, Toys, Books, Fancy 
Goods, Albums, Artists' Material.«i, Photographic Stock, Frames and Mouldings— Wholesale and Retail. Prices 
satisfactory. It also boasts of the Finest and Best Appointed Photographic Portrait Rooms in Utah. It will pay you 
to visit the Bazaar. 

Be sure to purchase a handsome souvenir casket ot the Great Salt Lake, containing a vial of the water, and 
another, of the sand of the shore, with illustrations of Garfield Beach and Black Rock on the outside. Price, fifty cents. 

C. R. SAVAGE, Proprietor, 12 and i4 main street, 

^.-r, > vrp'. >%,bvr> , NEAR TEMPLE BLOCK. 



